Reading Call of Duty: WWII as Digital Holocaust Memory

The heavily anticipated release of Call of Duty: WWII (Sledgehammar Games, 2017) (COD:WWII) was rendered by fans and critics as a ‘gutless view of the Holocaust’ which failed on several fronts. Exploring COD: WWII as a primary case study for her PhD research, guest blogger Kate Marrison considers the positionality of the player in the main military campaign and explores their ability to interact within the digital labour camp.

The campaign follows the story of Daniels (the player), a young United States Army Private and his squad, the United States 1st Infantry Division, during 1944 when the Allied armies were gaining strength and moving into Nazi Germany. During the Battle of the Bulge, Jewish character Zussman is captured and taking to a P.O.W camp where (during a cut-scene) he boards a boxcar destined for Berga labour camp. The game quickly returns to Daniels who is resting in hospital in the Ardennes forest and Zussman is not seen again until the final mission is complete, and the War is ‘as good as won’.

The game uses the historical episode of Bad Orb as temporary camp to align its narrative with the deployment and deportation of Jews to imply a proximity to The Final Solution without explicitly representing concentration and/or extermination camps. Out of the 350 American soldiers forced into the boxcar and sent to Berga (not to be confused with Berg Concentration Camp), only 80 were actually Jewish. Berga was a subcamp of Buchenwald, where it is recorded that prisoners were forced to dig mine shafts into Steinberg (Stone Mountain) on the bank of the Elster River and were slowly worked to death alongside European Holocaust victims (see Bard 1994, Whitlock 2005, and Cohen 2005). Thus, the game ambivalently presents the unknown story of the Berga soldiers within the context of World War Two while implying an interrelation with the persecution of European Jewry. To be sure, the Holocaust iconography (barbed wire, watch towers, barracks) signals to the Holocaust while making incessant disclaimers that the story is about the wider context of War and ‘Americans. Period’.

Fundamentally, then, the game hesitates and only teeters on representing the Holocaust within the short cut-scene mentioned above and a single level (for want of a better word) of the game which is strategically situated in the epilogue. The structural framework suggests the camp is not part of gameplay per se, but that it is something separate to the main campaign – something deferred and of its own significance. My investigation therefore exclusively focuses on the epilogue and more specifically, the space within the (labour) camp, to consider how the player is invited to perform and interact within this setting often considered as a kind of sacred memoryscape.

The Epilogue

As the player enters the camp, the return of the health bar indicates the return to game play. However, what soon becomes apparent is that she has limited agency, she cannot shoot, run or even skip. This is in stark contrast to the final mission which saw the epic battle across The Rhine. Lev Manovich reminds us that the unique pleasure of videogames is derived from overcoming challenges and discovering the rules of the gameworld. As a rule-based experience, he states the player ‘learns its hidden logic – in short, its algorithm’ (2001). Sure enough, the player is presented with numerous challenges throughout the campaign (typically increasing in difficulty), which involve mastering weapons and shooting down enemies to advance across various terrain. However, in COD:WWII, her skillset which is developed throughout the game is suddenly rendered obsolete within the camp setting.

Alexander Galloway’s four categories for gamic action are useful for exploring this decline in game play. Drawing from film theory, he speaks of the diegetic and nondiegetic within the gameworld. Essentially, gameplay is reduced to a series of ‘nondiegetic machine acts’ and ‘nondiegetic operator acts’ (2006). For instance, the player is forced to follow NPCs (non-player characters) Stiles and Pierson as they lead the way through the camp assisted with digital arrows, a proximity meter, and dialogue. The digital arrow and proximity meter are ‘nondiegteic machine acts’. Used in this way, they constitute what Galloway calls an ‘enabling act’, which is where ‘the game machine grants something to the operator’ such as a piece of information. The player uses these prompts to navigate the camp and is forced to pause at the gallows and barracks for reflection. Significantly, then, she is ushered through the camp via the game semantics in a form of organised walking that we often find in traditional Holocaust museums. Moreover, this is the only section of the game that requires the player to control the avatar without needing to use a weapon. While this is not surprising given the FPS (first-person shooter) genre in which the game is situated, it is noteworthy that this is the only mission which requires nothing more than basic move acts, that is the form of player character motion (pushing the analogue stick forward).


Call of Duty: WWII, proximity meter suggests Zussman is amongst the dead

Upon reaching the other side of the camp, the proximity meter which marks their location to Zussman rapidly declines as Pierson discovers a pile of corpses. It reaches 1.4M before disappearing off the screen, which deliberately misleads the player into thinking Zussman is amongst the dead. This is an example of when the ‘the line between what is diegetic and what is nondiegetic becomes indistinct’ as the ‘machine act’ now has narrative value. Researching the reception of the game using online walk-through tutorials proves that experienced players in the gaming community express concern for Zussman at this point. Online gamer, TmarTn2, for example, (who has 4.41 million subscribers) raises his hands to his head and shouts

I thought he was about to say he [Zussman] was one of those bodies.

To the player’s relief, Zussman is not amongst the corpses and Pierson points to the forest to indicate that he has been led on a march out of the camp. Indeed, the Hollywood happy ending ensures Zussman is rescued and the final scene of the game shows the platoon back at base, revealing in victory.

Call of Duty:WWII TmarTn2 puts down his controller and holds his hands to his face assuming Zussman is dead

Advancing Ian Bogost’s theory of procedural rhetoric, I argue that it is precisely the gameplay mechanics which issue symbolic arguments about ways of engaging with Holocaust memory. The processes, structures, and rules of the game communicate to the player that she cannot play within the camp landscape and the rules of engagement have changed. As Bogost proposes, games can issue persuasive arguments through the rules of experience, and in this case, the decline in the possibility space can be physically experienced or felt by the player. Not only does this reinforce the Holocaust gaming taboo, but it also deliberately undermines the player’s expectations that were to play in some capacity. In essence, the game breaks ‘from its supposedly primary role as entertainment software and becomes social commentary’ (Bogost 2006). 

As Bogost states:

our experiences construct mental models of the simulation that converge on an interpretation based on what the simulation includes and what it excludes.

The mechanical organisation of the text here breaks with the traditional procedural and structural rules of FPS gameplay prompting the player to question what ideological assumptions are embedded within the underlying model? To be sure, as Bogost argues:

all simulations are subjective representations that communicate ideology.

To reiterate, the camp landscape does not pose a problem to the player and (unlike other levels) there are no trophies or mementoes to be obtained. Instead, it nods to debates around ‘Holocaust etiquette’ and ideas of behaviour and performance within ‘site-specific’ landscapes (Mitschke 2016). This also raises further questions around the player-avatar identity and potentially disrupts their sense of  ‘vicarious kinesthesia’ (that is their impression of agency in the digital world) (Darley 2000) .Tabea Widmann talks more about player-avatar representation in Holocaust computer games in a recent blog on this site.

In light of these findings, we can return to the reviews which opened this discussion and suggest that it is not only the ambiguous and evasive way in which Holocaust themes are dealt with which disappoints the gaming community but also that the epilogue betrays the language of videogame rhetoric. Players may have (subconsciously) registered the decline in gameplay at the moment in which the designers promised ‘not to shy away’ from the History. While there has been discussion of the epilogue as a kind of digital tour of the camp, it seems to omit the very thing that makes videogames a distinctive mode of engagement – playing. Indeed, it reaffirms the long-standing taboo surrounding Holocaust (video) games and we are left with the impression that one of the most popular franchises of all time falls short of Wulf Kansteiner’s call for ‘simulative and interactive ludic digital environments’ .

Kate Marrison is a PhD researcher at the University of Leeds exploring the preservation of Holocaust memory in digital culture. Her project titled Digital Witness: The Experiential Turn in Holocaust Memory takes an interdisplinary approach to consider multiple case studies including video games, virtual reality, and interactive testimony. Kate is also a research assistant on the AHRC funded project Virtual Holocaust Memoryscapes.

6 thoughts on “Reading Call of Duty: WWII as Digital Holocaust Memory

  1. Thank you very much, Kate Marrison, for this essay. I agree that is fruitful to think about the representation of the Holocaust in digital games in terms of procedural rheotric (Bogost) and games as actions (Galloway). In my own work on this I’m also heavily drawing from the work of Galloway but specifically from his idea of the ambience act which puts the player on hold. In relation to that I have also worked on games of the so-called “Walking Simulator” genre which leads me to my central critique.

    I must say that I disagree with your conclusion that “While there has been discussion of the epilogue as a kind of digital tour of the camp, it seems to omit the very thing that makes videogames a distinctive mode of engagement – playing.” I have mentioned the “Walking Simulator” because this argument very much reminds me of discussion surrounding this genre in which the argument has been brought forth that “Walking Simulators” are not real games because the reduce the amount of player action (or in Galloways terms “operator action”) possible and thereby leave room for the virtual surroundings to act upon the player. I don’t think this is a good argument because it presupposes what a game is or is not in very narrow – and I would say: limiting – terms. And as I read it, this problematic argument resonates in your conclusion.

    Also, I’m not entirely sure why “it [COD: WW2] reaffirms the long-standing taboo surrounding Holocaust (video) games”, another point from your conclusion. To my mind, it does quite the opposite. We see a paradigm shift since the release of Wolfenstein: The New Order in 2014. Before that, it was unthinkable for a blockbuster first person shooter to make any kind of allusion to the Holocaust. It is impressive how that changed and even a game like Call of Duty WW2 took up on that and stopped omitting the Holocaust. Of course, how a blockbuster first person shooter shows the Holocaust is very much different from a game like “Through the Darkest of Times” as “Schindler’s List” is very much a different approach than “Shoah”. But I would definitely disagree with the assessment that the taboo is reafirmed here. To the contrary: In light of what the genre of the first person shooter entails, it is impressive to see that a first person shooter game like COD WW2, of all things, tries to tackle the Holocaust and stop omitting it. And reducing the player actions to be responsible in the engagement with this memory, I think is a good – and maybe the only – way for a first person shooter.

    So yes, these would be my two main objections to your essay. But as I said before, I very much enjoyed reading your essay and I think you offer an intruiging approach to the game’s epilogue.

  2. Thank you very much Felix for your comments! I look forward to chatting more about this later on today in the webinar. In the full chapter I do address Wolfenstein: The New Order and the shift you point out with regards to representation of the Holocaust in video games more widely. Of course my full reading of the game is beyond a blog post of this length, but it does also discuss the possibilities of digital witnessing through a national lens and offers some more (productive) ideas about how the player engages with the game as a form of digital Holocaust memory practice.
    I agree that the franchise makes bold moves but perhaps it depends on whether we primarily approach the game from a Holocaust studies perspective or as a video game scholar that determines how we reach such conclusions. While I think the game sheds light on a relatively unknown story of the G.I experience in important ways, it is questionable to what extent we can really say the game ‘tackles the holocaust’, as it is problematic to conflate this narrative with the persecution of European Jewry.
    Thanks again, I hope we have time to chat and very much look forward to hearing about your work!

  3. I think you’re right when you critisize COD:WW2 for its timidity. I think you are absolutely right in saying that the game has been too cautious here. I saw it very much the same way, although what irritated me most was that the crimes could not be named (https://public-history-weekly.degruyter.com/6-2018-23/shoah-in-digital-games/). But at the same time I would like to agree with my colleague Mr Zimmermann: For all its shortcomings, the game is so much more honest than any other triple A WW2 game. And I have no longer any understanding for WW2 games that are simply supposed “to be fun”. I agree with you that the epilogue could have been implemented more intelligently, but I wonder whether the debate on what makes a game a game is helping here. Personally I would suggest the question of how to best reach the audience with a message. Would an interactive piece with puzzles and dialogues be more successful here? Especially with an FPS, the withdrawal of the agency is an effective instrument, as Zimmermann and I recently analysed. At the same time, a classic shooting level would mpost certainly be very problematic – as can be seen in the second half of the Lager Mission in Wolfenstein The New Order.
    Because as a player, you then very quickly ask yourself the question why the concentration camp prisoners did not simply “defend themselves”.
    So what I wanted to say is, I understand the criticism. COD WW2 is not an intelligent game, and it could have dared more in view of the announcement to show the dark sides of the war, but one has to give it credit that it is the first AAA game that at least visually clearly mentioned the Holocaust, although not by name. It could have taken the one further step and chosen a concentration camp instead of the liberation of a POW camp. It could have mentioned the industrialised murder of 6 million people by name.
    I assume that just as the feature film found its own language for the Holocaust in the 1990s, games will also find their own language for the Holocaust. Wolfenstein TNO and COD WW2 have made their first attempts here, both inadequate, but both more bold than most other games.

    I thoroughly enjoyed reading your well argued thoughts, which in turn inspired me to think more thoroughly about the whole thing!

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