{"id":2254,"date":"2022-03-24T12:59:15","date_gmt":"2022-03-24T12:59:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/?p=2254"},"modified":"2022-12-16T21:10:19","modified_gmt":"2022-12-16T21:10:19","slug":"can-you-learn-about-the-holocaust-in-60-seconds-on-tiktok","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/2022\/03\/24\/can-you-learn-about-the-holocaust-in-60-seconds-on-tiktok\/","title":{"rendered":"Serious TikTok: Can You Learn About the Holocaust in 60 seconds?\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em>In this month&#8217;s post, <strong>Dr. Tobias Ebbrecht-Hartmann<\/strong> and <strong>Tom Divon<\/strong>, Hebrew University,  Jerusalem explore <strong>multimodal education and commemoration<\/strong> of the Holocaust on today&#8217;s most popular social media platform.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>In less than a year, the trending short-video platform <strong>TikTok<\/strong> transformed from a mostly entertaining environment for lip-syncing, dancing, and other self-performances into an <strong>interest-based platform<\/strong> for sharing information about politics, sexuality, identity, history, and other topics. This development was accompanied by the rise of a format which we describe as <strong>\u201cserious TikTok\u201d<\/strong>. In such videos, users communicate socio-political affairs in engaging ways through <strong>digital storytelling<\/strong> while harnessing the platform\u2019s features, aesthetics, and dialects, allowing them to creatively unpack complex topics, contextualise and provide information. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Following a controversy about TikTok users who performed as fictional Holocaust victims in a <a href=\"https:\/\/protect-eu.mimecast.com\/s\/SYbDCKQ50CmKVvJfMtqmo?domain=haaretz.com\"><strong>#POVHolocaustChallenge<\/strong><\/a><strong> <\/strong>in August<strong> <\/strong>2020, as well as the <a href=\"https:\/\/protect-eu.mimecast.com\/s\/tNFICLJ5Lh4q6pvhqN-JE?domain=isdglobal.org\">increase<\/a> in antisemitic harassment and hate speech on the platform, ways of seriously dealing with the complex history of the Holocaust on TikTok gained special attention. In the following, we explore the <strong>specific modes<\/strong> individual and institutional TikTok creators use to address the history and memory of the Holocaust in their short <strong>video-memes<\/strong> and their ways of using TikTok\u2019s asethetics and vernaculars of features and trends to produce more stimulating <strong>historical storytelling formats<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em><em>Hey TikTok, I\u2019ve got a question for you<\/em>. <em>How do you feel about concentration camp memorials producing videos here?<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>These are the words of a young woman standing in front of the main gate in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@mauthausenmemorial\/video\/7052635047496518917?is_copy_url=1&amp;is_from_webapp=v1\">Mauthausen concentration camp<\/a> memorial in Austria (Video 1a). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-tiktok wp-block-embed-tiktok\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"tiktok-embed\" cite=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@mauthausenmemorial\/video\/7052635047496518917\" data-video-id=\"7052635047496518917\" data-embed-from=\"oembed\" style=\"max-width: 605px;min-width: 325px;\" > <section> <a target=\"_blank\" title=\"@mauthausenmemorial\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@mauthausenmemorial?refer=embed\">@mauthausenmemorial<\/a> <p><a title=\"gedenkenbildet\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/gedenkenbildet?refer=embed\">#gedenkenbildet<\/a> <a title=\"mauthausen\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/mauthausen?refer=embed\">#mauthausen<\/a> <a title=\"memorial\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/memorial?refer=embed\">#memorial<\/a> <a title=\"genz\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/genz?refer=embed\">#genZ<\/a> <a title=\"remember\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/remember?refer=embed\">#remember<\/a> <a title=\"opinion\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/opinion?refer=embed\">#opinion<\/a> <a title=\"history\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/history?refer=embed\">#history<\/a> <a title=\"memory\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/memory?refer=embed\">#memory<\/a> <a title=\"whatdoyouthink\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/whatdoyouthink?refer=embed\">#whatdoyouthink<\/a> <a title=\"concentrationcamp\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/concentrationcamp?refer=embed\">#concentrationcamp<\/a> <a title=\"introvideo\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/introvideo?refer=embed\">#introvideo<\/a><\/p> <a target=\"_blank\" title=\"\u266c original sound - Mauthausen Memorial\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/music\/original-sound-7052634889266514693?refer=embed\">\u266c original sound &#8211; Mauthausen Memorial<\/a> <\/section> <\/blockquote> <script async src=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/embed.js\"><\/script>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Video 1a: Mauthausen Concentration Camp on TikTok<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Some members of the community on the platform, which is still mostly known for dancing and lip-syncing videos, answered:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p> <em>I think it\u2019s a great idea, welcome to tiktok!<\/em> <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Several comments responding to the official TikTok account of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@mauthausenmemorial\">Mauthausen Memorial<\/a> emphasised the importance (Figure 1b):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p> <em>it\u2019s great to do it here bc you can reach more people! I\u2019m grateful for that!<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p> <em>Important work! Keep going!<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p> <em>Keep it up! I\u2019m sure you\u2019ll find the audience. I\u2019m here.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>especially in times like these, where less and less people actually learn about the atrocities committed there, it is 1000% necessary to educate them!<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Some, however, were also sceptical: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>I think there are better and more RESPECTFUL ways to educate young people on concentration camps!<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>But even though many comments favoured the idea of Holocaust commemoration and education on TikTok, the question is still how to actually do that best. One comment raised an important issue:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong><em>There has to be a difference between educational videos and videos for \u201cfun\u201d<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>How can short videos, ranging between 30 seconds to three minutes long, address a complex issue like the history of persecution and mass murder? How can a difficult heritage such as the history and legacy of concentrations camps from the Nazi era be screened next to dance challenges, makeup tutorials, and food recipes videos?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Multi-layered (historical) storytelling<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What aesthetics, features, and functions are typical elements that can be used for videos that commemorate and educate about the Holocaust on TikTok? The <strong>point-of-view (POV) perspective <\/strong>plays a dominant aesthetic role on the platform. TikTokers are put into the <strong>position of spectators and witnesses<\/strong> of the events explained in the videos. As spectators, however, they are not passive. Multiple layers of address offer complex ways of storytelling as we do not only listen to the creators, but also focus on specific objects and documents presented in the background with the help of the <strong>green screen function<\/strong>, which enables creators to interact with these background objects by pointing to and highlighting specific parts. Furthermore, <strong>text inserts<\/strong> offer additional information and emphasis. Typically, TikTok videos also contain <strong>music<\/strong>. In the case of Holocaust-related videos, creators tend to choose either soft-tone musical excerpts that blend as a subtle layer in their videos or co-opt trending music challenges where they utilise an existing popular audio-meme. In so doing, TikTok videos gain a <strong>memetic structure<\/strong> that on the one hand condenses historical information and on the other communicates on multiple levels and adopts multimodal forms of address. Therefore, both despite and due to their short length, TikTok videos can deal with quite complex issues and engage users.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The level of engagement does not only depend on the specific content of the videos. Most importantly, engaging TikToks need a <strong>\u2018hook\u2019<\/strong>. Because users usually encounter informative content as part of their <strong>For You<\/strong> pages, which pre-curate a variety of content not specifically related to users\u2019 interpersonal connections with others but based on users\u2019 interests as traced by the platform\u2019s algorithm, it is&nbsp; therefore important to attract attention during the first few seconds of the video. In addition, successful videos motivate viewers to stay and watch the content several times. Creators can incentivise multiple viewings through a <strong>loop<\/strong> that seamlessly connects the ending of a video with its beginning. Loops are particularly useful for videos dealing with complex matters such as Holocaust history and memory. During each new \u2018run\u2019 of the video, users can focus on different aspects that they might have overlooked on the first viewing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An important characteristic of TikTok videos is their <strong>dialogic structure<\/strong>. Content on topics such as the Holocaust is always interrelated through a variety of features. Creators can interconnect video posts with the help of <strong>hashtags<\/strong> and thereby also refer to content produced by others on similar topics. Moreover, creators can reply to <strong>comments<\/strong> posted by users either in text or by creating a new video, allowing creators to directly answer questions and establish a dialogue with their audience. TikTok also offers particularly <strong>responsive features<\/strong> that foster topical communication, allow for negotiating controversial views, and offer facts and contextualising information in reaction to problematic, trivialising, or distorting content.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Most important among these responsive features are two that can be traced to TikTok\u2019s origin as a music-related platform. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <strong>duet function<\/strong>, which allows one to directly react to a video by another creator, with the original video played alongside the new video. This split-screen enables direct comment and offers forms of interaction with other creators\u2019 works. In the context of Holocaust-related content, this feature offers an opportunity to directly react to problematic comparisons of the Holocaust with contemporary events, but also allows for establishing a commemorative community by featuring and sharing videos that are seen as relevant and important. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>stitch function<\/strong>, which enables creators to quote a particular part of another video and react to it with their own. This can be used to react to and criticise problematic statements, a technique that is used to challenge trivialising and distorting comparisons between the persecution of Jews during the Holocaust and anti-vaxxers that oppose state regulations against the pandemic. Besides that, the stitch can also be used as a creative tool to thematically connect with other creators. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>On January 27, 2022, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@neuengamme.memorial\"><strong><em>@neuengamme.memorial<\/em><\/strong><\/a> posted a video <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@neuengamme.memorial\/video\/7054904081327869190?is_copy_url=1&amp;is_from_webapp=v1\">explaining<\/a> what was happening to prisoners in the former concentration camp at the same time as Auschwitz was liberated (Figure 1a). Several other memorial sites such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@belsenmemorial\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@belsenmemorial\">Bergen Belsen Concentration Camp Memorial<\/a> (Figure 1b), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@mauthausenmemorial?lang=en\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@mauthausenmemorial?lang=en\">Mauthausen Memorial<\/a> (Figure 1c), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@keeping_memories\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@keeping_memories\">Flossenb\u00fcrg Concentration Camp Memorial<\/a>, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@villatenhompel\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@villatenhompel\">Villa ten Hompel memorial and museum in M\u00fcnster<\/a> (Germany) responded by <strong>stitching the video <\/strong>with their own creations reflecting on their specific local relations.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"266\" height=\"486\" data-id=\"2260\" src=\"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure2a.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2260\" srcset=\"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure2a.png 266w, https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure2a-164x300.png 164w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 266px) 100vw, 266px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"270\" height=\"492\" data-id=\"2261\" src=\"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure2b.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2261\" srcset=\"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure2b.png 270w, https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure2b-165x300.png 165w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"270\" height=\"488\" data-id=\"2262\" src=\"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure2c.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2262\" srcset=\"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure2c.png 270w, https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure2c-166x300.png 166w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\" \/><\/figure>\n<figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption wp-element-caption\">&nbsp;<em>Figures 1a-c. @neuengamme.memorial stich challenge, and reactions form @mauthausenmemorial and @belsenmemorial<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">TikTok\u2019s features and functions can be adopted and appropriated to the specific needs of individual and institutional creators to commemorate and educate about the Holocaust. Through these techniques a <strong>commemorative space<\/strong> evolves on TikTok that offers users a possibility to commemorate, engage with, and learn about the history and memory of the Holocaust. Supported by <strong>algorithmic methods of fostering engagement<\/strong>, this space is accessible to a global audience that does not necessarily need to be connected to the topic beforehand. This space can also serve to counter those users who (mis-)use TikTok for spreading hate and historical misinformation. Furthermore, TikTok\u2019s features, and techniques can be helpful tools to confront Holocaust distortion and antisemitic harassment on the platform. In the next section, we explore the modes individual and institutional creators use to communicate Holocaust-related content on TikTok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Modes of (historical) storytelling<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We identified six modes of historical storytelling on TikTok that harness popular aesthetics, features, and trends for Holocaust-related videos:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li> <strong><em>Commemorative<\/em> <\/strong>&#8211; videos in which creators raise awareness of the Holocaust and its present implications as a historical event<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li> <strong><em>Responsive<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; videos in which creators attack and criticise users&#8217; inappropriate comparisons of the Holocaust to other topics<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li> <strong><em>Explanatory<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; videos in which creators offer background information about disputed topics, emphasising historically marginalised stories<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li> <strong><em>Educational<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; videos in which Holocaust-related institutions conduct \u2018mini-lessons\u2019 on historical information<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>Visit<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; videos in which creators document their visits to Holocaust-related sites <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><strong>T<\/strong><\/em><strong><em>estimony<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; videos in which Holocaust survivors share their traumas and combat Holocaust ignorance among users.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>One video could adopt several of these modes, but in most cases, we see one dominant mode of addressing.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Commemorative Mode<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>Commemorative Mode<\/strong> is primarily characterised by creators\u2019 interest in raising awareness of the Holocaust and its present implications as an historical event. Creators use this mode often in the context of memorial days while integrating their videos in the <strong>vernaculars of TikTok\u2019s trends or challenges<\/strong>. A specific example for a commemorative video in the context of memorial days is an initiative by the Jewish community from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@genzforchange\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@genzforchange\">Genzforchange<\/a> on the occasion of <strong>International Holocaust Remembrance Day<\/strong> in January 2021 (Video 2). For this video, several young creators contributed short pieces where they recite parts of a joint statement that resulted in the message:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>May we never forget the lives lost and may we honor those that survived.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-tiktok wp-block-embed-tiktok\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"tiktok-embed\" cite=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@genzforchange\/video\/6922650630280514821\" data-video-id=\"6922650630280514821\" data-embed-from=\"oembed\" style=\"max-width: 605px;min-width: 325px;\" > <section> <a target=\"_blank\" title=\"@genzforchange\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@genzforchange?refer=embed\">@genzforchange<\/a> <p>Light a candle for a victim of the Holocaust in our linktree. It\u2019s a beautiful way to honor their lives virtually?<\/p> <a target=\"_blank\" title=\"\u266c original sound - Gen-Z for Change\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/music\/original-sound-6922650638287522565?refer=embed\">\u266c original sound &#8211; Gen-Z for Change<\/a> <\/section> <\/blockquote> <script async src=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/embed.js\"><\/script>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This style demonstrates TikTok\u2019s contribution to collaborations where users can <strong>co-produce commemorative videos <\/strong>while addressing other users and emphasising the necessity of dealing with the memory and legacy of the Holocaust.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another example shows that creators of commemorative videos adhere to TikTok\u2019s vernacular of <strong>performativity <\/strong>while harnessing features of sound and image that afford<strong> artistic acts<\/strong> of commemoration. An interesting example is the \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@vesbowlresin\/video\/6946361114842221830?sender_device=pc&amp;sender_web_id=6985035952734717445&amp;is_from_webapp=v1&amp;is_copy_url=0\">I Remember When<\/a>\u2019 challenge where creators adopt the first line of Gnarls Barkley\u2019s song \u2018Crazy\u2019 and play it in a <strong>distorted loop<\/strong> that emphasises the part \u2018I remember\u2019(Figure 3b). In this video, the creator appropriates <strong>several photographs and objects<\/strong> related to the experience of the Holocaust, as well as references to traditional and current forms of antisemitism that result in the statement:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>to this day jews feel the effects of the holocaust. we are still discovering things from this time. we are still being attacked. it goes unreported in many cases. its dangerous how uneducated people are<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-tiktok wp-block-embed-tiktok\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"tiktok-embed\" cite=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@0ldjwsh\/video\/6946361114842221830\" data-video-id=\"6946361114842221830\" data-embed-from=\"oembed\" style=\"max-width: 605px;min-width: 325px;\" > <section> <a target=\"_blank\" title=\"@0ldjwsh\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@0ldjwsh?refer=embed\">@0ldjwsh<\/a> <p><\/p> <a target=\"_blank\" title=\"\u266c I remember when - Teo Domani\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/music\/I-remember-when-6843488784047164165?refer=embed\">\u266c I remember when &#8211; Teo Domani<\/a> <\/section> <\/blockquote> <script async src=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/embed.js\"><\/script>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This <strong>video-meme<\/strong> demonstrates the creative use and appropriation of historical sources and screenshots of contemporary news items and shows that commemoration on TikTok, and specifically by Gen-Z users, is often not past, but rather present- and future-oriented.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Responsive Mode&nbsp;<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>TikTokers\u2019 tendency to <strong>make the history of the Holocaust relevant to the present <\/strong>moves beyond commemorative narratives when creators use the Holocaust as a <strong>meta-reference<\/strong> to the continuity of hate, discrimination, antisemitism, racism, and fights against problematic and distorting comparisons between past and present that circulate on TikTok. These are leading subjects of videos adopting the <strong>Responsive Mode<\/strong>, which explicitly attacks and criticises those comparisons and equations. For example, TikTokers use the <strong>stitch function<\/strong> to criticise others that compare abortion to the Holocaust or create a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@itskaseysozboutit\/video\/6816507000978033925?sender_device=pc&amp;sender_web_id=6985035952734717445&amp;is_from_webapp=v1&amp;is_copy_url=0\"><strong>silence duet<\/strong><\/a> (Figure 2) where they reject the act of Holocaust distortion and respond only with facial expressions. Another popular style is videos of TikTokers that call-out other creators comparing COVID-19 vaccination to medical experiments or anti-vaxxers to Jews during the Holocaust. Such responsive videos often prominently feature Holocaust survivors that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@thetrueadventures\/video\/7048662758740512002?is_copy_url=1&amp;is_from_webapp=v1\">reject<\/a> such claims as ahistorical. Responsive videos can also react to a <a href=\"https:\/\/vm.tiktok.com\/ZSevRJ2x2\/\"><strong>specific user comment<\/strong><\/a><strong>,<\/strong> (Figure 3) making it the centre of attention in the video, or can make use of the <a href=\"https:\/\/vm.tiktok.com\/ZSevRJASr\/\"><strong>green screen<\/strong><\/a> feature and project a screenshot of a problematic Holocaust-related post or comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"456\" data-id=\"2257\" src=\"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure4a.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2257\" srcset=\"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure4a.png 512w, https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure4a-300x267.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">&nbsp;Figure 2. Responsive Mode: @itskaseysozboutit Duet to Holocaust distortion<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"648\" src=\"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure4b.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2258\" srcset=\"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure4b.png 360w, https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure4b-167x300.png 167w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 3. @lillehmy response to Holocaust denier<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Explanatory Mode<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>Explanatory Mode<\/strong> is best suited for offering background information about disputed topics and can therefore also be combined with the responsive mode, but usually posts adopting this mode do not include <strong>ad-hoc context <\/strong>as seen in the responsive mode. Explanatory videos tend to focus on the presentation of <strong>historical information<\/strong> as <strong>facts and evidence<\/strong>. They nevertheless <strong>perform historical storytelling<\/strong> by often emphasising<strong> individual biographies<\/strong>, <strong>exploring historical objects<\/strong>, or including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@slaviccaesar\/video\/6922473852572421381?sender_device=pc&amp;sender_web_id=6985035952734717445&amp;is_from_webapp=v1&amp;is_copy_url=0\">historical documents or photographs<\/a> (Video 4). Therefore, this mode is also useful for emphasising forgotten and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@codedgiraffe\/video\/6923039982055656710?sender_device=pc&amp;sender_web_id=6985035952734717445&amp;is_from_webapp=v1&amp;is_copy_url=0\">marginalised stories<\/a> (Video 5) from the Holocaust and the history of World War II such as the <strong>persecution of peole with disabilities, LGTBQ people<\/strong>, the stories of <strong>women<\/strong> during the Holocaust, or the <strong>genocide of the Sinti and Roma<\/strong>. Explanatory videos are mostly used by individual creators in order to foster a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@slaviccaesar\/video\/6916261427409882374?sender_device=pc&amp;sender_web_id=6985035952734717445&amp;is_from_webapp=v1&amp;is_copy_url=0\">fact-based debate<\/a> (Video 6) on particular topics. They are also common among <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@sapphiclemon\/video\/6922493287123209477?sender_device=pc&amp;sender_web_id=6985035952734717445&amp;is_from_webapp=v1&amp;is_copy_url=0\">professional TikTok creators<\/a> who focus on historical topics.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-tiktok wp-block-embed-tiktok\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"tiktok-embed\" cite=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@slaviccaesar\/video\/6922473852572421381\" data-video-id=\"6922473852572421381\" data-embed-from=\"oembed\" style=\"max-width: 605px;min-width: 325px;\" > <section> <a target=\"_blank\" title=\"@slaviccaesar\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@slaviccaesar?refer=embed\">@slaviccaesar<\/a> <p>Holocaust Remembrance Day ?<\/p> <a target=\"_blank\" title=\"\u266c Zog Nit Keynmol - Counterpoint\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/music\/Zog-Nit-Keynmol-5000000000192729545?refer=embed\">\u266c Zog Nit Keynmol &#8211; Counterpoint<\/a> <\/section> <\/blockquote> <script async src=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/embed.js\"><\/script>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Video 5: Explanatory Mode: @slaviccaesar<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-tiktok wp-block-embed-tiktok\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"tiktok-embed\" cite=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@codedgiraffe\/video\/6923039982055656710\" data-video-id=\"6923039982055656710\" data-embed-from=\"oembed\" style=\"max-width: 605px;min-width: 325px;\" > <section> <a target=\"_blank\" title=\"@codedgiraffe\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@codedgiraffe?refer=embed\">@codedgiraffe<\/a> <p>Reply to @stormsofjupiter Thank you. I\u2019ve seen it through my main identities &#038; ommited their stories <a title=\"holocaustremembranceday\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/holocaustremembranceday?refer=embed\">#holocaustremembranceday<\/a> <a title=\"disability\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/disability?refer=embed\">#disability<\/a> <a title=\"ww2\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/ww2?refer=embed\">#ww2<\/a><\/p> <a target=\"_blank\" title=\"\u266c Remembrance - Sang-Froid\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/music\/Remembrance-6828565037162956802?refer=embed\">\u266c Remembrance &#8211; Sang-Froid<\/a> <\/section> <\/blockquote> <script async src=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/embed.js\"><\/script>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Video 6: Explanatory Mode: @codedgiraffe<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-tiktok wp-block-embed-tiktok\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"tiktok-embed\" cite=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@slaviccaesar\/video\/6916261427409882374\" data-video-id=\"6916261427409882374\" data-embed-from=\"oembed\" style=\"max-width: 605px;min-width: 325px;\" > <section> <a target=\"_blank\" title=\"@slaviccaesar\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@slaviccaesar?refer=embed\">@slaviccaesar<\/a> <p>Could conversion save a Jewish person in the Holocaust? <a title=\"history\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/history?refer=embed\">#history<\/a> <a title=\"historylesson\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/historylesson?refer=embed\">#historylesson<\/a> <a title=\"foryou\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/foryou?refer=embed\">#foryou<\/a><\/p> <a target=\"_blank\" title=\"\u266c original sound - Brooke\/ Grape ?\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/music\/original-sound-6916261418631236357?refer=embed\">\u266c original sound &#8211; Brooke\/ Grape ?<\/a> <\/section> <\/blockquote> <script async src=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/embed.js\"><\/script>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Video 7: Explanatory Mode: @slaviccaesar challenging Holocaust myths<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Educational Mode<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Although Holocaust institutions do post explanatory videos, they more often use the <strong>Educational Mode<\/strong>, which differs from the explanatory mode as it relies on <strong>institutional educational frameworks<\/strong>. For example, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@holocaustuk\"><strong><em>@holocaustuk<\/em><\/strong><\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@annefrankhouse\"><strong><em>@annefrankhouse<\/em><\/strong><\/a> adopt<strong> educational strategies<\/strong> develop<strong>ed for <\/strong>other social media platforms. A dominant technique of these videos is use of a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@annefrankhouse\/video\/7032304536605756677?is_copy_url=1&amp;is_from_webapp=v1\">presenter<\/a> (Figure 4a) that talks about a specific aspect or gives information about a specific chapter of Holocaust history while integrating historical photographs or other sources to illustrate the period. However, these videos <strong>often lack translation<\/strong> into TikTok\u2019s audiovisual grammar by not implementing an <strong>engagement dimension<\/strong>, instead reducing their address to the <strong>presenter\u2019s voice<\/strong> and <strong>visual content<\/strong>. They also abstain from adding text layers, geo-location tags, or hashtags built into the video-memes. The second dominant technique of educational videos is the <strong>slide show<\/strong>. These videos edit several slides with texts, documents, and visuals together with music to shed light on specific topics, events, or incidents. Using this technique, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@holocausteducation\"><strong><em>@holocausteducation<\/em><\/strong><\/a> created a format called \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@holocausteducation\/video\/7058927370454994181?is_copy_url=1&amp;is_from_webapp=v1&amp;q=%40holocausteducation%20&amp;t=1645226437416\">Mini-Lessons<\/a>\u2019 (Figure 4b) that deal with different elements of Holocaust history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-3 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"492\" height=\"580\" data-id=\"2264\" src=\"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure6a.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure6a.png 492w, https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure6a-254x300.png 254w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 492px) 100vw, 492px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"528\" height=\"564\" data-id=\"2263\" src=\"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure6b.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2263\" srcset=\"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure6b.png 528w, https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure6b-281x300.png 281w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 528px) 100vw, 528px\" \/><\/figure>\n<figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 4a-b. Educational videos: @annefrankhouse in a walkthrough by a presenter and @holocausteducation in mini-lesson series<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Visit Mode<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Videos posted by concentration camp memorial sites such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@neuengamme.memorial\">@neuengamme.memorial<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@mauthausenmemorial\/video\/7052635047496518917?is_copy_url=1&amp;is_from_webapp=v1\">@mauthausenmemorial<\/a>, or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@belsenmemorial\">@belsenmemorial<\/a> adopt educational approaches and combine them with the introduction of their collections and the historical site. They offer variations on the dominant <strong>Visit Mode<\/strong> used primarily by individual TikTokers who document their visits to former concentration camp sites or Holocaust-related museums. These videos usually feature the TikToker\u2019s <strong>personal encounter<\/strong> with the site and follow the creator\u2019s own <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@xx_gorilla22_xx\/video\/6989858225713712389?_t=8Q0JbAFzVOk&amp;_r=1\"><strong>point of view<\/strong><\/a> (Video 6). Visit videos often contain <strong>panning shots<\/strong> or focus on <strong>particular details<\/strong> of the site or exhibits. Sometimes they contain explanatory elements such as <strong>text inserts<\/strong>. Most visit videos are short video shots and photographs edited together and accompanied by music. The videos created by memorials rather than individuals show different approaches to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@neuengamme.memorial\/video\/7051147045633068294?is_copy_url=1&amp;is_from_webapp=v1\">historical sites<\/a> and combine elements of the visit mode with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@neuengamme.memorial\/video\/7053119019745955077?is_copy_url=1&amp;is_from_webapp=v1\">explanations<\/a> provided by guides and presenters (Video 7). You can see the distinctions between these two approaches to the visit mode below: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-tiktok wp-block-embed-tiktok\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"tiktok-embed\" cite=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@xx_gorilla22_xx\/video\/6989858225713712389\" data-video-id=\"6989858225713712389\" data-embed-from=\"oembed\" style=\"max-width: 605px;min-width: 325px;\" > <section> <a target=\"_blank\" title=\"@xx_gorilla22_xx\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@xx_gorilla22_xx?refer=embed\">@xx_gorilla22_xx<\/a> <p>?\u26a0\ufe0f<a title=\"blackheartcrew\u269c\ufe0f?\u269c\ufe0f\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/blackheartcrew%E2%9A%9C%EF%B8%8F%F0%9F%96%A4%E2%9A%9C%EF%B8%8F?refer=embed\">#blackheartcrew\u269c\ufe0f?\u269c\ufe0f<\/a> <a title=\"fyp\u30b7\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/fyp%E3%82%B7?refer=embed\">#fyp\u30b7<\/a> <a title=\"gedenkst\u00e4tte\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/gedenkst%C3%A4tte?refer=embed\">#gedenkst\u00e4tte<\/a> <a title=\"kz\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/kz?refer=embed\">#kz<\/a> <a title=\"mauthausen\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/mauthausen?refer=embed\">#Mauthausen<\/a> <a title=\"foryouofficial\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/foryouofficial?refer=embed\">#foryouofficial<\/a> <a title=\"viral\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/viral?refer=embed\">#viral<\/a> <a title=\"traurig\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/traurig?refer=embed\">#traurig<\/a> <a title=\"tod\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/tod?refer=embed\">#tod<\/a> <a title=\"jude\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/jude?refer=embed\">#Jude<\/a><\/p> <a target=\"_blank\" title=\"\u266c My Immortal - Evanescence\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/music\/My-Immortal-227291075412189184?refer=embed\">\u266c My Immortal &#8211; Evanescence<\/a> <\/section> <\/blockquote> <script async src=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/embed.js\"><\/script>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Video 8: User @xx_gorlla22_xx documents their visit to Mauthausen<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-tiktok wp-block-embed-tiktok\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"tiktok-embed\" cite=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@neuengamme.memorial\/video\/7053119019745955077\" data-video-id=\"7053119019745955077\" data-embed-from=\"oembed\" style=\"max-width: 605px;min-width: 325px;\" > <section> <a target=\"_blank\" title=\"@neuengamme.memorial\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@neuengamme.memorial?refer=embed\">@neuengamme.memorial<\/a> <p>The prisoners of <a title=\"neuengamme\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/neuengamme?refer=embed\">#Neuengamme<\/a> concentration camp were recorded in various card indexes. <a title=\"gedenkenbildet\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/gedenkenbildet?refer=embed\">#gedenkenbildet<\/a> <a title=\"concentrationcampmemorial\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/concentrationcampmemorial?refer=embed\">#concentrationcampmemorial<\/a><\/p> <a target=\"_blank\" title=\"\u266c Disappear (Edit) - Matt Lowe\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/music\/Disappear-Edit-6999647109322541058?refer=embed\">\u266c Disappear (Edit) &#8211; Matt Lowe<\/a> <\/section> <\/blockquote> <script async src=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/embed.js\"><\/script>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Video 9: Neuengamme Memorial present a guided visit on TikTok<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Testimony Mode<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A complementary approach to the Visit Mode is the <strong>Testimony Mode<\/strong>. If in the previous mode it was visitors who witnessed the Holocaust by engaging with the historical sites, in this mode we see <strong>Holocaust survivors<\/strong> who use TikTok to share their <strong>first-hand memories<\/strong>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@lilyebert\">Lily Ebert<\/a> (98) and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@tovafriedman\">Tova Friedman<\/a> (73) from the United States and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@thetrueadventures\">Gideon Lev<\/a> (86) from Israel were pioneering creators of testimonies on TikTok. In their videos, they utilise TikTok&#8217;s popular <strong>fragmented audiovisual aesthetics<\/strong> for dividing traumatic memories into segments. In this way, they adjust their testimonies to the attention span of young users on TikTok, and at the same time offer the possibility of a <strong>\u2018TikTokTestimony\u2019<\/strong>, as they turn their profiles into <strong>living repositories of memories<\/strong>. Each survivor adheres differently to TikTok\u2019s popular vernaculars. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lev is motivated by political actions and combatting Holocaust distorters who compare COVID restrictions with the Holocaust, and frequently co-opts <strong>challenges<\/strong> (Figure 5a). <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ebert creates an intimate space while using the <strong>comment feature<\/strong>, enabling her to address viewers\u2019 questions about unusual topics like &#8216;if women in Auschwitz got their period&#8217; (Figure 5b), and allowing complex forms of digital witnessing to emerge when users harness the <strong>duet function<\/strong> to show themselves <a href=\"https:\/\/vm.tiktok.com\/ZSevdyqam\/\">listening to her testimonies<\/a>&nbsp; (Figure 5c). <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Testimony Mode is also used by <strong>institutions.<\/strong> In videos created by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@holocausteducation\">@holocausteducation<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@keeping_memories\">@keeping_memories<\/a>, existing video testimonies of survivors <strong>recorded on earlier media forms<\/strong> are reused for the purpose of educating about the Holocaust on TikTok. In comparison to the videos created by Holocaust survivors directly for TikTok, these videos <strong>lack the direct address<\/strong> of the audience.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-4 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"268\" height=\"484\" data-id=\"2268\" src=\"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure8a.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2268\" srcset=\"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure8a.png 268w, https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure8a-166x300.png 166w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 268px) 100vw, 268px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"272\" height=\"484\" data-id=\"2267\" src=\"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure8b.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2267\" srcset=\"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure8b.png 272w, https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure8b-169x300.png 169w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 272px) 100vw, 272px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"268\" height=\"484\" data-id=\"2266\" src=\"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure8c.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2266\" srcset=\"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure8c.png 268w, https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure8c-166x300.png 166w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 268px) 100vw, 268px\" \/><\/figure>\n<figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption wp-element-caption\">&nbsp;Figures 8a-c. Testimony Mode: @thetrueadventuresr challenge and @lilyebert in Q&amp;A and TikTokTestimony&nbsp;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Challenging traditional practices<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>TikTok\u2019s <strong>plural and memetic<\/strong> nature illustrates the platform\u2019s <strong>potential for Holocaust education and commemoration<\/strong> and set<strong>s a new standard for <\/strong>complex digital discourse about the Holocaust. Each identified mode shows the <strong>translation<\/strong> by individuals and institutions of<strong> traditional practices of memorialization<\/strong> into <strong>TikTok\u2019s vernaculars<\/strong> and demonstrates how the seemingly distant events of the Holocaust can become more <strong>relevant, tangible, and communicable to Gen-Z users<\/strong>. This translation through use of TikTok\u2019s memetic and communicative features leads to <strong>creative communal engagements<\/strong> where users <strong>create responsive templates<\/strong> of content that, when provided with the <strong>proper context<\/strong>, it also <strong>sparks conversation among youth<\/strong> and allows the experience of <strong>(hi)story-telling <\/strong>to be much <strong>more <\/strong>autodidactic, intuitive, and engaging than on any other visual platform.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u00a9 All images are included under fair use policy)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Tobias.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2270\" width=\"402\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Tobias.jpg 490w, https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Tobias-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 402px) 100vw, 402px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Tobias Ebbrecht-Hartmann<\/strong> i<em>s a Film &amp; Media, Visual Culture, and German Studies scholar in the Department of Communication and at the European Forum of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.&nbsp; Ebbrecht-Hartmann holds a Ph.D. from the Freie University, Berlin and was a Post-Doctoral Fellow at Yad Vashem and at the Bauhaus University, Weimar. He is a member of the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Action, &#8220;Visual History of the Holocaust: Rethinking Curation in the Digital Age.&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"mailto:tobias.ebbrecht-hartmann@mail.huji.ac.il\">tobias.ebbrecht-hartmann@mail.huji.ac.il<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>@te_hartmann<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Tom.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2271\" width=\"407\" height=\"376\" srcset=\"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Tom.jpg 464w, https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Tom-300x277.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 407px) 100vw, 407px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Tom Divon<\/strong> <em>is a Social Media and Culture researcher at the Department of Journalism and Communication at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. Divon\u2019s research focuses on the evolution of social media platforms, social-political youth cultures on social media, and their potential for education processes. Divon explores TikTok cultures in three key areas: TikTokers engagements with Holocaust Commemoration and Education, TikTokers Performative Combatting of Antisemitism, and TikTokers Playful Activism in #Challenges<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"mailto:tom.divon@mail.huji.ac.il\">tom.divon@mail.huji.ac.il<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>@TomDivon<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this month&#8217;s post, Dr. Tobias Ebbrecht-Hartmann and Tom Divon, Hebrew University, Jerusalem explore multimodal education and commemoration of the<a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/2022\/03\/24\/can-you-learn-about-the-holocaust-in-60-seconds-on-tiktok\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">&#8220;Serious TikTok: Can You Learn About the Holocaust in 60 seconds?\u00a0&#8220;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":63,"featured_media":2262,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[38,213,215,209,214,216,212,210,113,211,217,140,141],"class_list":["post-2254","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorised","tag-commemoration","tag-dachau","tag-duet","tag-education","tag-flossenburg","tag-green-screen","tag-mauthausen","tag-multimodality","tag-neuengamme","tag-site-visits","tag-stitch","tag-testimony","tag-tiktok","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/files\/2022\/03\/Figure2c.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2254","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/63"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2254"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2254\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3237,"href":"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2254\/revisions\/3237"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2262"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2254"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2254"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/reframe.sussex.ac.uk\/digitalholocaustmemorybackup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2254"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}